三字经汉英对照

时间：2023-08-11 04:35:52 文/黄飞老师文学学文网www.xuewenya.com

三字经汉英对照

　　《三字经》，是中国的传统启蒙教材。在中国古代经典当中，《三字经》是最浅显易懂的读本之一。《三字经》取材典故范，包括中国传统文化的文学、历史、哲学、天文地理、人伦义理、忠孝节义等等，而核心思想又包括了“仁，义，诚，敬，孝。”背诵《三字经》的同时，就了解了常识、传统国学及历史故事，以及故事内涵中的做人做事道理。

　　人之初，

　　性本善。

　　性相近，

　　习相远。

　　Man the breed,

　　Of good seed.

　　The same nature,

　　But varied nurture.

　　人在太初或刚出世时都是善良的，后天成长环境不一样，性情也就有了好与坏的差别。

　　Man was good in the beginning, or he is good at birth. Human nature deviates due to different nurtures.

　　苟不教，

　　性乃迁。

　　教之道，

　　贵以专。

　　With no education,

　　There'd be aberration.

　　To teach well,

　　You deeply dwell.

　　如果不好好教育孩子，善良的本性就会变坏。说到教育，最关键的问题就是要专心一致，精讲要义而不厌其烦。

　　If a child is not properly taught, he may go astray. In education, what is important is to be focused, dwelling on key points.

　　昔孟母，

　　择邻处，

　　子不学，

　　断机杼。

　　Then Mencius' mother

　　Chose her neighbor.

　　Mencius slackly learned;

　　Shuttles she overturned.

　　战国时，孟子的母亲曾三次搬家，是为了使孟子有个良好的学习环境。一次孟子逃学，孟母就割断织机的布来教子。

　　In the Warring State period, Mencius' mother moved three times for better environment for her son. Mencius once played truant, and she cut the cloth she was weaving to show her seriousness.

　　窦燕山，

　　有义方，

　　教五子，

　　名俱扬。

　　Dough, as hight,

　　Managed so right.

　　His five sons

　　Became famous ones.

　　五代十国时期，燕山人窦禹钧创办私塾，延聘名师。他教子有方，五个儿子都科举成名，很有成就。

　　In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Dough (Dou) founded a private school, hired famous teachers, and managed well in having his children taught. All his five sons passed the Imperial Examinations and lived very successful lives.

　　养不教，

　　父之过。

　　教不严，

　　师之惰。

　　What's a father?

　　A good teacher.

　　What's a teacher?

　　A strict preacher.

　　仅仅是供养儿女吃穿，而不好好教育，是父亲的过错。只是教育，但不严格要求就是做老师的懒惰了。

　　It is not enough to provide children with food and clothing. Education is important. To rear children without giving them good education is a father's fault; a teacher is considered lazy if he is not strict with the children he teaches.

　　子不学，

　　非所宜。

　　幼不学，

　　老何为?

　　An unschooled child

　　Will grow wild.

　　A poor-learning youth,

　　Will turn uncouth.

　　小孩子应该好好学习。一个人如果小时候不好好学习，到老的时候能有什么用呢?

　　A child should have proper education. If one does not do well, what will become of him when he is grown up?

　　玉不琢，

　　不成器。

　　人不学，

　　不知义。

　　A crude jade

　　Isn't finely made;

　　Not learning right,

　　One'll turn slight.

　　玉不打磨雕刻，不会成为精美的器物;人若是不学习，就不懂得礼仪，不能成才。

　　If a jade is not honed and carved, it will not be a fine piece of art; if one doesn't receive education, he will not be a gentleman, and will not be something.

　　为人子，

　　方少时，

　　亲师友，

　　习礼仪。

　　Son of man,

　　Mature you can.

　　Tutors you requite,

　　Learn the rite.

　　做儿女的，或如人子，终会长大成人。在成长过程中应学会亲近师友，当心存感激，不要轻慢无礼，要学一些为人处事的礼节。

　　As children, or son of man like Jesus, you will grow up. While young, you should approach and requite your models like teachers and friends, and learn good manners.

　　香九龄，

　　能温席。

　　孝于亲，

　　所当执。

　　Xiang, at nine,

　　Warmed bedding fine,

　　Follow this one,

　　This filial son.

　　东汉人黄香，九岁时就知道孝敬父亲，替父亲暖被窝。这是每个孝顺父母的人都应该实行和效仿的。

　　Xiang (Huang Xiang) in the Eastern Han Dynasty knew how to show kindness to his father at nine. He warmed bedding for his father. One should do like this, to be a filial son.

　　融四岁，

　　能让梨。

　　弟于长，

　　宜先知。

　　Aged four years,

　　Rong gave pears.

　　Bear in mind

　　You'd be kind.

　　汉代人孔融四岁时，就知道把梨让给哥哥吃，这种尊敬和友爱兄长的道理，是每个人从小就应该知道的。

　　Rong (Kong Rong) in the Han Dynasty offered his pears to his brother although he was only four. Everyone should learn this kind of respect for affinity.

　　首孝悌，

　　次见闻，

　　知某数，

　　识某文。

　　Stress piety more

　　Than your lore.

　　Learn some numeracy,

　　Know some literacy.

　　孝敬父母、爱护兄弟是首要的，其次接才是知识。至于知识，大家要学点算术和语文。

　　Piety is more important than knowledge. As for knowledge, one should learn some numeracy and literacy.

　　一而十，

　　十而百，

　　百而千，

　　千而万。

　　One to ten,

　　A hundred then,

　　One thousand more,

　　Ten thousand afore.

　　我国采用十进位算术方法：一到十是基本的数字，然后是一百、一千、一万……一直变化下去。

　　Decimalism is adopted in China: one to ten is primary, next is one hundred, then one thousand, ten thousand, and so on.

　　三才者，

　　天地人。

　　三光者，

　　日月星。

　　Three vitals, worth:

　　Man, heaven, earth;

　　Three lights, boon:

　　Sun, stars, moon.

　　还应该知道一些日常生活常识，如什么叫三才?三才指的是天、地、人三个方面。什么叫三光呢?三光就是太阳、月亮、星星。

　　And one should know some rudiments, such as what we call three vitals, Heaven, Earth, Man, and what we call three luminaries or lights, Sun, Moon and Stars.

　　三纲者，

　　君臣义

　　父子亲，

　　夫妇顺。

　　Three tenets always:

　　Subject Lord obeys;

　　Child Father reveres;

　　Wife Man endears.

　　人与人之间关系应该遵守的三个行为准则是什么呢?就是君王与臣子之间要合乎义理，父母子女之间要相亲相爱，夫妻之间要和顺相处。

　　What are the three tenets one should always follow? The king or emperor should be obeyed by his subjects, the father should be revered by his children, and the man endeared by his wife.

　　曰春夏，

　　曰秋冬，

　　此四时，

　　运不穷。

　　Spring and summer,

　　Autumn and winter.

　　These four seasons

　　Turn with reasons.

　　春、夏、秋、冬叫做四季。这四时季节按照一定的规律不断变化，春去夏来，秋去冬来，如此循环往复，永不停止。

　　We have four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. They alternate according to a certain law, round by round, never to end.

　　曰南北，

　　曰西东，

　　此四方，

　　应乎中。

　　South, north say,

　　West, east, hey.

　　These four ways

　　Upon center gaze.

　　东、南、西、北，这叫作四方，是指各个方向的位置。这四个方位是相对的，必须有个中央位置对应才能把各个方位定出来。

　　We have four ways or directions called east, west, south, and north. These four ways are reciprocal, determined by a central position.

　　曰水火，

　　木金土，

　　此五行，

　　本乎数。

　　Water, fire, behold,

　　Earth, wood, gold.

　　These five materials

　　Accord to numerals.

　　所谓五行指的是金、木、水、火、土。这是中国古代用来指宇宙各种事物的抽象概念，是根据一、二、三、四、五这五个数字和组合变化而产生的。

　　The five basic materials or elements are gold, wood, water, fire, and earth. These represent various abstract ideas in the cosmos, depending on the combination and function of the numerals, that is, one, two, three, four, and five.

　　十干者，

　　甲至癸。

　　十二支，

　　子至亥。

　　The ten trunks

　　Are great chunks.

　　The twelve wings

　　Are good things.

　　“十干”指的是甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸，又叫“天干”;“十二支”指的是子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥，又叫“地支”，它们两两配对组成循环往复的“六十干支” 。

　　The ten Heaven Trunks are Crust (jia), Creep (yi), Flame (bing), Strong (ding), Rank (wu), Rise (ji), Wait (geng), New (xin), Bear (ren), Rear (gui); The twelve Earth Wings are Babe (zi), Sprout (chou), Spread (yin), Grow (mao), Mature (chen), Prime (si), Ripe (wu), Taste (wei), Grown (shen), Old (you), Sear (xu), End (hai). The combination of two elements respectively from the trunk and wing systems makes a recursive Chinese sexagenary cycle, also known as Trunks-and-Wings, that is, a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the ten Heaven Trunks and the twelve Earth Wings.

　　曰黄道，

　　日所躔。

　　曰赤道，

　　当中权。

　　The Ecliptic line,

　　The Zodiacal sign.

　　And the Equator

　　Circling the center.

　　地球围绕太阳运转，太阳围绕银河系运转。地球围绕太阳运行的轨道叫“黄道”，在地球中央有一条假想的与地轴垂直的大圆圈，这就是赤道。

　　The earth revolves around the sun, and the sun revolves around the Milky Way. The track of the revolution of the earth is called ecliptic, and the imaginary circle vertical to the earth's axis is called equator.

　　赤道下，

　　温暖极。

　　我中华，

　　在东北。

　　Nowhere is hotter

　　Than the equator

　　China, the greatest

　　Lies in Northeast.

　　在赤道地区，温度最高，气候特别炎热，从赤道向南北两个方向，气温逐渐变低。我们国家是地处地球的东北边。

　　Along the equator, it is the hottest, and temperature drops gradually south and north of the equator. China is northeast on the earth.

　　寒燠均，

　　霜露改。

　　右高原，

　　左大海。

　　Temperature fiting you,

　　There's frosty dew.

　　Right, plateaus stand;

　　Left, seas expand.

　　我国气候冷暖匀称而有霜露。右边是高原，左边是大海。

　　China has a mild temperature, with frost and dew. On the right are plateaus, and on the left are great seas.

　　曰江河，

　　曰淮济。

　　此四渎，

　　水之纪。

　　Longest and River,

　　Level and Ferra.

　　These rivers four

　　All along outpour.

　　中国是个地大物博的国家，直接流入大海的有长江、黄河、淮河和济水，这四条大河是中国河流的代表。

　　China has a vast and fertile territory. The four representative rivers, the Longest (the Yangtze River), the River (the Yellow River), the Level (the Huai River), and the Ferra (the Ji River) flow into the sea.

　　曰岱华，

　　蒿恒衡。

　　此五岳，

　　山之名。

　　Arch, Flora, Tower,

　　Scale, and Ever!

　　These high mountains

　　Are five chieftains.

　　中国的五大名山，称为“五岳”，就是东岳泰山、西岳华山、中岳嵩山、南岳衡山、北岳恒山，这五座山是中国大山的代表。

　　China has five famous representative mountains, called Five Mounts--Arch (Mount Tai) in the east, Flora (Mount Hua) in the west, Tower (Mount Song) at the center, Scale (Mount Heng) in the south, and Ever (Mount Heng) in the north.

　　曰士农，

　　曰工商。

　　此四民，

　　国之良。

　　Officials and farmers,

　　Merchants and workers,

　　These four great,

　　Pillars of th' State

　　中国是世界上人口最多的国家。官员、农民、工人和商人称为四民，这是社会重要的组成部分。

　　China has the largest population in the world. Officials, farmers, workers, and merchants are the mainstay of the society.

　　曰仁义，

　　礼智信，

　　此五常，

　　不容紊。

　　Grace, trust, decency,

　　Wisdom, and honesty.

　　These constants five

　　Should keep alive.

　　为人处事当牢记仁、义、礼、智、信这五种不变的法则，以使社会永保稳定，祥和。

　　Everyone should bear in mind what we call five constants--grace, trust, decency, wisdom, and honesty so that the society can be stable and peaceful.

　　地所生，

　　有草木。

　　此植物，

　　遍水陆。

　　The earth's good

　　With grass 'nd wood.

　　These plants expand

　　Over the land.

　　地球上有花草树木，这些属于植物，在陆地上和水里到处都有。

　　There grow grass, flowers, and trees on earth. There are plants everywhere on land and in water.

　　有虫鱼，

　　有鸟兽。

　　此动物，

　　能飞走。

　　Fishes and birds,

　　Worms and herds.

　　These creatures cry,

　　Run or fly.

　　虫、鱼、鸟、兽属于动物，这些动物有的能在天空中飞，有的能在陆地上走，有的能在水里游。

　　Worms, fishes, birds, and herds make the fauna. Some can fly in the sky, some can walk over the land, and some can swim in water.

　　稻粱菽，

　　麦黍稷，

　　此六谷，

　　人所食。

　　Rice, sorghum, beans,

　　Wheat, millet, corns.

　　These grains main

　　Our life maintain.

　　稻子、小麦、豆类、小米、玉米和高梁是中国人的主食。

　　The staple food is from such crops as rice, wheat, beans, corns, millet, and sorghum.

　　马牛羊，

　　鸡犬豕，

　　此六畜，

　　人所饲。

　　Cows, sheep, equines,

　　Hens, dogs, swines.

　　These six breeds

　　Meet our needs.

　　在动物中有马、牛、羊、鸡、狗和猪，驯化而来，这叫六畜。

　　Cows, sheep, horses, chickens, dogs, pigs are six breeds that have been domesticated.

　　曰喜怒，

　　曰哀惧，

　　爱恶欲，

　　七情具。

　　Say anger, happiness,

　　Say fear, sadness,

　　Love, hate, greed,

　　These feelings lead.

　　喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲，合起来叫七情。这是人生下来就有的七种感情。

　　Anger, happiness, fear, sadness, love, hate, and greed are seven leading emotions that humans are born with.

　　青赤黄，

　　及黑白。

　　此五色，

　　目所识。

　　Red, yellow, green,

　　Black 'nd white between,

　　These colors five

　　Set things alive.

　　青色、黄色、赤色、黑色和白色，这是中国传统中最重要的五种颜色，是人们的肉眼能够识别的.。

　　Green, yellow, red, black, and white are the five main colors traditionally deemed important by the Chinese people. They are discernible to the naked eye.

　　酸苦甘，

　　及辛咸。

　　此五味，

　　口所含。

　　Sour, bitter, hot,

　　Sweet, salty. Tot,

　　These tastes five

　　Set dishes alive.

　　在我们平时所吃的食物中，全能用嘴巴分辩出来的，有酸、甜、苦、辣和咸，这五种味道。

　　In our everyday food, there are five tastes perceptible to the tongue, namely, sour, bitter, hotness,sweet, and salty.

　　膻焦香，

　　及腥朽。

　　此五臭，

　　鼻所嗅。

　　Muttony, burnt, balmy,

　　Fishy, and moldy,

　　These smells five

　　Make noses alive.

　　我们的鼻子可以闻出东西的气味，气味主要有五种，即羊膻味、烧焦味、香味、鱼腥味和腐朽味。

　　There are five main smells perceptible to the nose, namely, muttony, burnt, balmy, fishy, and moldy.

　　匏土革

　　木石金，

　　丝与竹，

　　乃八音。

　　Gourd, leather, clay

　　Wood we play,

　　Stone, metal, bamboo,

　　And string, too.

　　我国古代人把制造乐器的材料，分为八种，即匏瓜、粘土、皮革、木块、石头、金属、丝线与竹子，称为“八音”。

　　The Ancient Chinese people made musical instruments with eight kinds of materials, namely，gourd, clay, leather, wood, stone, metal, string, and bamboo, called "musical eight".

　　曰平上，

　　曰去入。

　　此四声，

　　宜调协。

　　Level, and bounce,

　　Fall, and in-nounce.

　　These four tones

　　Are tuned phones.

　　中国的古人把说话声音的声调分为平、上、去、入四种。这四个单音应该和谐悦耳。

　　Ancient Chinese spoke with four tones: level, bounce, fall, and in-nounce, and these four tones should be in tune.

　　高曾祖，

　　父而身，

　　身而子，

　　子而孙。

　　Grandparents, and Father,

　　Me and brother,

　　Children, and grandchildren

　　--kindred through semen.

　　由高祖父生曾祖父，曾祖父生祖父，祖父生父亲，父亲生我本身，我生儿子，儿子再生孙子。

　　Great-great grandparents beget great-grandparents, great-grandparents beget grandparents, grandparents beget father, and father begets son, etc.

　　自子孙，

　　至玄曾，

　　乃九族，

　　人之伦。

　　Grandchildren, and afore;

　　Grandparents, back more.

　　There're generations nine,

　　A genealogical line.

　　从高祖父到曾孙称为“九族”。这“九族”代表着家族血统的承续关系。

　　From great-great-grandfather to great-great-grandchildren, there are all together nine generations, forming a genealogical line.

　　父子恩，

　　夫妇从。

　　兄则友，

　　弟则恭。

　　Father loves son;

　　Man-wife is one.

　　Brothers are bland,

　　Hand in hand.

　　父亲与儿子有恩情，夫妻之间的感情要和顺，哥哥对弟弟要友爱，弟弟对哥哥则要尊敬。

　　A father should love his children and be loved by them, man and wife should be harmonious, and brothers should be kind--the older takes care of the younger and the younger shows respect to the older.

　　长幼序，

　　友与朋。

　　君则敬，

　　臣则忠。

　　Senior to young,

　　The ethical rung.

　　Lord loves subjects,

　　And enjoys respects.

　　年长和年幼之间当有长幼尊卑的次序;君主爱护臣子，以民为本，民则敬仰君主。

　　There should be an ethical rung--the old should be given priority; If a king loves his subjects, the latter will respect him, be loyal to him.

　　此十义，

　　人所同。

　　当师叙，

　　勿违背。

　　This you remember

　　For every member.

　　This you obey

　　For every day.

　　前面提到的十义人人都应遵守并广为宣传，千万不能违背。

　　The above mentioned should be borne in mind and be told to others, and should never be breached.

　　斩齐衰，

　　大小功。

　　至缌麻，

　　五服终。

　　Cuts and completes,

　　Merits and feats,

　　And linen, too

　　For funeral blue.

　　斩衰、齐衰、大功、小功和缌麻，这是中国古代亲族中不同的人死去时穿的五种孝服。

　　Cuts (cut coarsely), completes (complete with all parts), merits (to commemorate the merits of the dead ), feats (to commemorate the feats of the dead), and linen are the five kinds of funeral garments.

　　有古文，

　　大小篆。

　　隶草继，

　　不可乱。

　　Old characters, behold

　　Seals, lesser 'nd bold,

　　Straight and cursive,

　　Five scripts successive!

　　我国的文字演变出了古文、大篆、小篆、隶书、草书这五种主要形式，这一定要认清楚，不可搞乱了。

　　Chinese script styles developed from old characters, to bold seal, lesser seal, straight, and cursive. These styles should be distinguished each from the other.

　　若广学，

　　惧其繁。

　　但略说，

　　能知原。

　　To learn widely

　　Is seldom easy.

　　To study some,

　　Knowing you become.

　　假如你想广泛地学习知识，实在是不容易的事，但如能大体涉猎，还是能了解到许多基本的道理。

　　If you want to learn extensively, it is not an easy matter. If you study generally, you'll become knowing, with an acquisition of some basic facts.

　　礼乐射，

　　御书数。

　　古六艺，

　　今不具。

　　Rituals, calligraphy, shooting,

　　Music, mathematics, driving.

　　These six arts

　　Need devoted hearts.

　　礼法、音乐、射箭、驾车、书法和算数是古代读书人必须学习的六种技艺，这六种技艺需全身心投入，到现在很少有人能同时具备了。

　　Rituals, music, shooting, driving, calligraphy, and mathematics are the six arts the ancient people learned at school.They need to have devoted hearts, and now very few people can master them all.

　　惟书学，

　　人共遵。

　　既识字，

　　讲说文。

　　All calligraphy respect,

　　'nd other arts neglect.

　　Words already learned,

　　Motivations are concerned.

　　在六艺中，现在只有书法现在还是每个人都推崇的。当一个人认识一些汉字之后，就可以去研究《说文解字》了。

　　Of the six arts, now only calligraphy is valued by everybody. When one has learned enough characters, it is necessary to inquire into the Motivations of the Characters.

　　凡训蒙，

　　须讲究，

　　详训诂，

　　名句窦。

　　While you teach,

　　Do deeply reach.

　　Go with explanation,

　　And guide punctuation.

　　当老师的教导刚入学的儿童，必须脚踏实地，每句话都要解释明白，并且使学童读书时懂得断句。

　　As a teacher of children, you should reach deeply, carefully explain what a sentence means and teach them how to use correct punctuation.

　　为学者，

　　必有初，

　　小学终，

　　至四书。

　　Now to learn,

　　Make a turn.

　　From school nooks

　　To Four Books.

　　学习者要有个良好的开端，求学初期要打好基础，循序渐进，才可以读“四书”。

　　A learner should have a good beginning. Only on a good foundation in primary school can a learner proceed to the classics, i.e. the Four Books.

　　论语者，

　　二十篇，

　　群弟子，

　　记善言。

　　The Analects--conversations

　　Has twenty sections.

　　Confucius and disciples

　　Gave off sparkles.

　　《论语》二十篇。是孔子的弟子们，以及弟子的弟子们，记载的有关孔子言论是一部书。

　　The Analects, consisting of twenty sections, is a book of sparkling dialogues between Confucius and his disciples.

　　孟子者，

　　七篇止，

　　讲道德，

　　说仁义。

　　Mencius, the sutras,

　　Has seven chapters.

　　These are counsels

　　Of virtues 'nd morals.

　　《孟子》这本书是孟轲所作，共分七篇。内容是有关品行修养、发扬道德仁义等方面的言论。

　　Mencius, named after the author, is divided into seven chapters, which are counsels of virtues and morals.

　　作中庸，

　　乃孔伋，

　　中不偏，

　　庸不易。

　　The Golden Mean,

　　Great it's been.

　　Kong Ji,the scholar

　　Is its author.

　　《中庸》这本书的作者是孔子的孙子孔伋，讲的始中庸，即不偏、不变的意思。

　　The Golden Mean was authored by Kong Ji, grandson of Confucius, which is about how to keep constant equilibrium.

　　作大学，

　　乃曾子，

　　自修齐，

　　至平治。

　　Great Learning, great,

　　Zengcius did create:

　　From personal perfection

　　To national progression.

　　作《大学》这本书的是曾参，他提出了修齐平治的主张，具体是"修身齐家治国平天下"。

　　Great Learning was written by Zengcius, who proposed the idea of personal perfection and national progression, to be specific, self-perfection, family harmonizing, state governing, and world pacification.

　　孝经通，

　　四书熟，

　　如六经，

　　始可读。

　　Piety learned ahead,

　　Four Books fully-read,

　　Six Classics now,

　　You should plough.

　　先学了《孝经》中的道理，再把《四书》读熟了，这样就可以去读《六经》这样深奥的书了。

　　After you have learned what is preached in Piety and get versed in Four Books, you can proceed to plough through Six Classics.

　　诗书易，

　　礼春秋，

　　号六经，

　　当讲求。

　　History, Changes, Odes,

　　Books of altitudes.

　　Spring 'nd Autumn, Rituals

　　Books for perusals.

　　《诗》、《书》、《易》、《礼》、《春秋》，再加上《乐》称作六经。这是中国古代儒家的经典，应当仔细阅读。

　　Odes, History, Changes, Spring 'nd Autumn, Rituals, and Music are collectively called Six Classes. These are important Confucian literatures to be read closely.

　　有连山，

　　有归藏，

　　有周易，

　　三易详。

　　Book of Ranges,

　　Book of Changes,

　　Book of Retreat,

　　Detailed and great.

　　《连山》、《归藏》、《周易》，是我国古代的三部书，这三部书合称“三易”，“三易”是用“卦”的形式来说明宇宙间万事万物循环变化的道理的书籍。

　　Book of Ranges, Book of Changes, Book of Retreat are three important books in Ancient China, collectively called three books of changes, in which divinatory symbols are used to predict the changes of things in the universe.

　　有典谟，

　　有训诰。

　　有誓命，

　　书之奥。

　　Canons, duties, plans,

　　Edicts, oaths, bans,

　　And imperial mandates

　　Are History's aggregates.

　　《书经》的内容包括立国的基本原则、治国计划、大臣的义务、国君的通告、起兵文告、国君的命令等内容。

　　History includes state documents such as canons, duties, plans, edicts, oaths, bans, and imperial mandates.

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